Research
The science of the nervous system, stress, and relationships.
How does our nervous system respond to stress? What helps us regain balance? How do relationships with other people affect our wellbeing and health?
Research in neurobiology, psychophysiology, and psychology helps us better understand the mechanisms of the stress response, emotion regulation, and the importance of social relationships for wellbeing.
Below we present selected scientific publications that provide a basis for further exploring these topics.
The autonomic nervous system and emotions
The autonomic nervous system takes part in regulating many physiological processes, including heart activity and the body's response to emotions. Psychophysiological research shows that emotions are accompanied by characteristic changes in how the body functions.
Kreibig, S. D. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review.
A review of 134 publications on autonomic nervous system activity in different emotional states.
Read the publication on PubMedPolyvagal Theory
Polyvagal Theory, developed by Stephen W. Porges, presents a model describing the links between autonomic nervous system functioning, defensive responses, and social behaviour.
Porges, S. W. (1995). Orienting in a defensive world: Mammalian modifications of our evolutionary heritage. A Polyvagal Theory.
A publication presenting the core assumptions of Polyvagal Theory and its perspective on the physiological mechanisms related to social behaviour and defensive responses.
Read the publication in PsychophysiologyPorges, S. W. (2025). Polyvagal Theory: Current Status, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions.
A more recent overview discussing the development of the theory, its foundations, and possible clinical applications.
Read the full text in PubMed CentralCo-regulation and the importance of relationships
Emotion regulation does not happen only individually. Social relationships and support from others can influence stress responses as well as mental and physical functioning.
Hostinar, C. E. (2015). Recent Developments in the Study of Social Relationships, Stress Responses, and Physical Health.
A review of research on the mechanisms through which social relationships and support may modify the body's response to stress and relate to health.
Read the full text in PubMed CentralTimmons, A. C. et al. (2015). Physiological Linkage in Couples and its Implications for Individual and Interpersonal Functioning: A Literature Review.
A review of research on the co-variation of physiological responses in people in close relationships and its significance for individual and interpersonal functioning.
Read the full text in PubMed CentralSocial relationships and health
The quality of social relationships matters for wellbeing. Studies involving large groups of participants point to a link between social bonds and health and long-term health outcomes.
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Layton, J. B. (2010). Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review.
A meta-analysis of 148 studies involving 308,849 participants. The authors showed a link between stronger social relationships and a greater likelihood of survival.
Read the full text in PLOS MedicineHolt-Lunstad, J. (2024). Social connection as a critical factor for mental and physical health: evidence, trends, challenges, and future implications.
A review article published in World Psychiatry on the importance of social connection for mental and physical health, and on the consequences of loneliness and social isolation.
Read the publication in World PsychiatryFrom research to practice
Knowledge of how the nervous system works, the stress response, and the importance of relationships helps us better understand human behaviour and the variety of responses in difficult situations.
At Lemon Tree Garden we draw on scientific findings, combining them with practical tools that support self-awareness, emotion regulation, mental toughness, and the quality of relationships — in both personal and professional life.
We believe that reliable knowledge can become a starting point for more conscious development, better relationships, and caring for wellbeing.